##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a childhood psychiatric disorder characterized by a variety of cognitive, language and social impairments that can adversely affect the family. ASD are typically characterized by a lack of communication and social skills, accompanied by repetitive patterns of behavior, interest, and activities, and limited communication skills. A new record prevalence rate for autism was released by the National Health Center for Health Statistics. This report said that 1-in-36 children have ASD. Boys' prevalence is four- to five-fold higher than girls. The exact cause of autism spectrum disorder is yet to be determined. Given the complexity of the disorder and the possibility of varying symptoms and severity, there could be many contributing factors. Genetics and environment may both play a role in the development of ASD. There are a variety of examination tools that pediatricians use in their practices, but the most commonly used one is the Modified Checklist for Autism in Children, Revised with Follow-up (M-CHATR/F). Immunological dysfunction has been linked to ASD in studies on peripheral immune components in people with the disorder. Study objectives were firstly to evaluate the immune system performance in children with ASD, and secondly to determine if some immunological parameters can be used to diagnose ASD. The results showed a significant increase in the level of IL-6 (P


<0.001), IL-1β (P><0.01) in ASD children when comparing with the control group. The findings of the current study, suggest the presence of immune dysfunction associated with ASD.>

Keywords

impairments immune dysfunction components parameters

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

How to Cite
Ammar Ayed Khashan Al-Khalidi, & Prof. Dr. Buthainah Abbas Al-Azzawi. (2022). The role of immune system dysfunction in the appearance of autism spectrum disorder. Texas Journal of Medical Science, 13, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.62480/tjms.2022.vol13.pp141-147

References

  1. 1. Campisi L, Imran N, Nazeer A, Skokauskas N, Azeem MW. Autism spectrum disorder. Br Med Bull. 2018;127(1):91–100.
  2. 2. Sharma SR, Gonda X, Tarazi FI. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Classification, diagnosis and therapy. Pharmacol Ther [Internet]. 2018;190:91–104. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.007
  3. 3. Zaky EA. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); The Past, The Present, and The Future. J Child Adolesc Behav. 2017;05(03):3–6.
  4. 4. Anthes BYE. Taking meds during pregnancy brings autism risk, benefits | Spectrum - Autism Research News. 2016;2–5. Available from: https://spectrumnews.org/news/taking-meds-during-pregnancy-brings-autism-risk-benefits/
  5. 5. Masini E, Loi E, Vega-Benedetti AF, Carta M, Doneddu G, Fadda R, et al. An overview of the main genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors involved in autism spectrum disorder focusing on synaptic activity. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(21):1–22.
  6. 6. Griesi-Oliveira K, Sertié AL. Autism spectrum disorders: an updated guide for genetic counseling. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2017;15(2):233–8.
  7. 7. Gevezova M, Sarafian V, Anderson G, Maes M. Inflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Vol. 19, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets. 2020. 320–333 p.
  8. 8. Basheer S, Venkataswamy MM, Christopher R, Van Amelsvoort T, Srinath S, Girimaji SC, et al. Immune aberrations in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a case-control study from a tertiary care neuropsychiatric hospital in India. Psychoneuroendocrinology [Internet]. 2018;94(February):162–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.002
  9. 9. Human IL-1β(Interleukin 1 Beta) ELISA Kit-Elabscience [Internet]. [cited 2022 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.elabscience.com/p-human_il_1beta_interleukin_1_beta_elisa_kit-18000.html
  10. 10. Gładysz D, Krzywdzińska A, Hozyasz KK. Immune Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorder—Could They Hold Promise for Causative Treatment? Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55(8):6387–435.
  11. 11. Gottfried C, Bambini-Junior V, Francis F, Riesgo R, Savino W. The impact of neuroimmune alterations in autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6(SEP):121.
  12. 12. Beversdorf DQ, Stevens HE, Jones KL. Prenatal Stress, Maternal Immune Dysregulation, and Their Association With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018;20(9).
  13. 13. Meltzer A, Van De Water J. The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology [Internet]. 2017;42(1):284–98. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.158
  14. 14. Hughes HK, Mills Ko E, Rose D, Ashwood P. Immune Dysfunction and Autoimmunity as Pathological Mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 2018;12.
  15. 15. Masi A, Glozier N, Dale R, Guastella AJ. The Immune System, Cytokines, and Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neurosci Bull. 2017;33(2):194–204.
  16. 16. Saghazadeh A, Ataeinia B, Keynejad K, Abdolalizadeh A, Hirbod-Mobarakeh A, Rezaei N. A meta-analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines in autism spectrum disorders: Effects of age, gender, and latitude. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;115(February):90–102.
  17. 17. Chowdhury MA. IMMUNOLOGICAL BIOMARKERS IN AUTISM : A REVIEW By. 2020;(December).