The harbingers of breaching of the Abbasid Caliphate’s symbolism during the dominance of foreign powers on the caliphate. Comparative Critical overview
Keywords:
Abbasid Caliphate, Turkish period, Buyids eraAbstract
This study explores a significant phenomenon characterized by the harbingers of the symbolic authority of the Abbasid Caliphate during periods of foreign dominance. It provides an analysis, critique, and comparison of the strategies employed by the Turkish, Buyids, and Seljuks, which contributed to the weakening of the caliphate. Throughout these three historical periods, the Abbasid Caliphate experienced profound vulnerability, as external forces marginalized their political significance, reducing their role to one of religious symbolism. Furthermore, the caliphs lost the sanctity and influence they once held during the prosperous and powerful days of Islamic rule, as this symbolic authority became shared with Seljuk officials. This research project seeks to bridge this gap by shedding light on the impact of foreign powers on Islamic authority within the context of the Abbasid caliphate during the Turkish, Buyids, and Seljuk eras.
References
Al-Zubaidi, Muhammad Murtada, Taj al-'Arus min Sharh Jawahir al-Qamus, (Beirut, Al-Haydariyah Library), vol. 6, p. 95.
Al-Farahidi, Abi Abdul Rahman Al-Khalil bin Ahmed, Kitab Al-Ain, edited by (Mahdi Al-Makhzoumi, Ibrahim Al-Samarrai), 2nd edition, Dar Al-Hijr Foundation, vol. 4, pp. 266-267
Ibn al-Sakit al-Ahwazi, Muhammad Hassan, Tartib islah al-mantiq, 1st edition, (Iran - Islamic Research Academy - 1412 AH), p. 20.
Ibn Manzur, Abi al-Fadl Jamal al-Din Muhammad bin Makrim al-Ifriqi al-Misri, Lisan al-Arab, 1st edition, (Dar Ihya al- al-Turath Arabi - 1405 AH), vol. 9, p. 84.
Al-Jawahiri, Ismail bin Hammad, Al-Sihah Taj Al-Lughah wa Sahih Al-Arabiya, edited by (Ahmed bin Abdul Ghafour Attar), 4th edition, (Beirut, Dar Al-Ilm Lil-Millain - 1407 AH), vol. 4, p. 1356; Al-Razi Muhammad bin Abi Abdul Qadir, Mukhtar Al-Sahah, edited by (Ahmed Shams Al-Din), 1st edition, (Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah - 1994 AD), p. 104.
Ahmed Reda, ma'ajam matin al lugha , (Beirut - Al-Hayat Library), vol. 2, p. 323.
Tahar Hajjar, Caliphate and Power in Islamic Thought, research published in the Annals of the University of Algiers, No. 5, (1990-1991 AD), p. 36
Abd al-Rahman Abu Zayd Wali al-Din, Muqadamat Ibn Khaldun -Diwan Al-Mubtadaʼ Wa-Al-Khabar Fi tarikh Al- gharib wa -Al-Barbar Wa-Man Asarahum Min Dhawi Al-Sultan Al-Akbar,
, 1st edition, (Beirut, Dar al-Fikr - 2014 AD), pp. 189, 191.
Ibid. p,190
Ibid.,p 189
Ghadbani, Saleh, The Caliphate end al Shia al athna ashariah , research published in the Journal of Academic Studies, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2023, pp. 29-31.
Surah Al-Ma'idah , verse 214
Surah Al-Ma'idah , verse 55
Surah Ash-Shura, verse 23.
Ghadbani, al Caliphate eind al Shia al athna Asharia, p. 32
Ibn Khaldun, al-Muqadima , p. 194; Sabrina, Muhammad Belkacem, qira'a fi mafhum al khilafa w marjieiaat al fariq : muqarabat min tarikh al Asir al'iislamii,” research published in Al-Hikma Journal of Historical Studies, Volume 8, Issue 1, 2021 AD, p. 128
Hassan, Hassan Ibrahim, Tārīkh al-Islām al-siyāsī wa-al-dīnī wa-al-thaqāfī wa-al-ijtimāʻī, (Beirut - Dar Al-Jeel - 2010), pp. 77-87.
Al-Shammari, Ghazi Jassim, Al- khilafa al Abbasia fi al Qahira (659 AH / 923 AD), research published in the Journal of Islamic Civilization, Volume 2, Issue 2, 1996 AD, p. 17
Al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din Abd al-Rahman, Tarikh al Khulafa'a , 1st edition, (Beirut - Dar Ibn Hazm, 2003 AD), pp. 26-153.
Al-Shammari, Al- khilafa al Abbasia fi al Qahira, p. 178.
Sabrina, qira'a fi mafhum al khilafa , p. 130.
Al-Tahir Hajjar, al –khilafa wa al sulta in al- fikr al islami , pp. 40-41.
See, Al-Hilali, Abbas Abdul Hassan Sarhan, Al – Isma end al imama , research published in the Journal of the College of Jurisprudence, Volume 21, Issue 21, year 2015 AD, pp. 44-72.
Amer Dhafar, Ishkaliat mafhum al –khilafa al Abbasia , research published in Ibahath Magazine, Volume 7, Issue 2, 2022 AD, p. 15.
Al-Shammari, Al- khilafa al Abbasia fi al Qahira, p. 178
al- Muqaddimah p. 199 -205
Abdel Qader Sahraoui, Caliphate and Imamate fi dhua Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun’s, research published in the Journal of Islamic Civilization, Volume 17, Issue 28, p. 350.
al- Muqaddimah p. 204
Al-Tahir Hajjar, al –khilafa wa al sulta in al- fikr al islami , p. 38-39
Al-Yaqubi, Ahmad bin Abi Yaqub, Tarikh of Al-Yaqubi, (Beirut - 1970 AD), vol. 2, p. 182; Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah , p. 192; Ibn Kathir, Abu Al-Fida Ismail bin Omar bin Kathir Al-Qurashi Al-Basri and then Al-Dimishqi, edited by (Ali Shiri), (Beirut - Arab Heritage Revival House - 1998 AD), vol. 13, p. 230; Al-Shammari, Al- khilafa al Abbasia fi al Qahira, p. 178, p. 171; Philip K. Hitti , History of the Arabs, (Beirut - 1970 AD), vol. 1, p. 237
Al-Shammari, Al- khilafa al Abbasia fi al Qahira, p. 179-180
Taqoush, Muhammad Suhail, Tarikh al-Dawlah al –Abbasia , 7th edition, (Beirut - Dar Al-Nafais - 2009 AD), p. 156
Ibid ,p 33
Fawzi, Farouk Omar, Al-Khilafa Abbasia – Asir al Quah wal al Indihar , 1st edition, (Amman, Dar Al-Shorouk - 2009 AD), vol. 1, p. 18
ibid ,volume 1 , p, 191.
Al-Douri, Abdul Aziz, Al-Asir al-Abbasi al-Awal fi al –tarikh al –siyasii wal Idari wal al mali , (Beirut, Al-Wahda studies Center - 2006 AD), p. 163-164.
ibid ,p146
ibid ,p.166-172
Al-Shammari, Al- khilafa al Abbasia fi al Qahira, p. 180
Al –Muqaddimah, p ,192.
-Al-Asir al-Abbasi al- Awa , p,231-232
Taqqosh, Tarikh al- Dawlah al-Abbasia , p. 144
Al-Douri, Al-Asir al-Abbasi al-Awal ,p. 232
Philip K. Hitti. History of the Arabs (London: Macmillan. 1937)pp. 466-467
Al-Douri, Al-Asir al-Abbasi al-Awal ,p. 232-233
Al-Tabari, Abi Jaafar Muhammad bin Jarir, Tarikh al-Umam wa al-mulūk , investigated by (Elite of Honorable Scholars), (Beirut - Al-Alami Foundation), vol. 7, p. 317
Taqqosh, Tarikh al- Dawlah al-Abbasia , p. 145
ibid ,p.156-168
Muhammad Qweisim, Imrat al-Amara's Al-Abbasia (324-334 AH / 935-945 AD) and the first attempt at renewal within the Caliphate, published research, Al-Turath Magazine, Volume 5, Issue 4, 2015, pp. 207-210.
Al-Karawi, Ibrahim Salman, The Buyids and the Abbasid Caliphate, 2nd edition, (Alexandria, Alexandria Book Center - 2008 AD), p. 178.
ibid ,p.48
Taqqosh, Tarikh al- Dawlah al-Abbasia , p. 220
Ibn al-Atheer, Abu al-Hassan Izz al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali bin Muhammad bin Abdul Karim al-Jazari al-Shaibani, al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh (Tarikh Ibn al-Atheer), edited by (Abu Suhaib al-Karmi), (Saudi Arabia - Bayt al-Afkar al-Dawliyyah), vol. 8, p. 450; Muhammad Qawi, Sunnis and Shiites bain al –Tafahum wal –Al-Tasadum khilal yaum Ashura, a historical study, research published in the Journal of Anthropology of Religions.
Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kamil, vol. 8, p. 450
Al-Karawi, The Buyids and al-khilafa al-Abbasia, p. 178-179.
Ibn Khaldun, Al-Muqaddimah , p. 571
Al-Karawi, The Buyids and al-khilafa al-Abbasia, p. 178
Ibn al-Atheer, al-Kamil, vol. 8, p. 453
Al-Karawi, The Buyids and al-khilafa al-Abbasia, p. 184
Khalaf, Subih Nouri, khale al-khulafa' Al-abaasiiyn alsultaniat lilamiraa' albuyhiiya (334-447 AH), research published in the Journal of Iranian Studies, Issue (8-9), pp. 136-137.
Abu Al-Rayhan, Muhammad Ahmad, Al-Athar Al-baqiat ean Al-qurun al-khalia, (Beirut, Dar Sader), p. 132.
Taqqosh, Tarikh al- Dawlah al-Abbasia , p. 225.
Dhahr al-Islam, 3rd edition, (Cairo, Al- Nahda Masriya - 1962 AD), p. 50.
Khalaf, , khale al-khulafa' Al-abaasiiyn alsultaniat lilamiraa' albuyhiiya,p238
Taqqosh, Tarikh al- Dawlah al-Abbasia , p. 238
Muhammad Zarquq, Dawr Al-Atirak Al-Salajiqa fi himayat al-khilafat Al-Abbasia min al-nufudh al-shiyeii (422 - 485 AH / 1031 - 1092 AD), research published in Al-Hikma Journal of Historical Studies, Volume 6, Issue 15 - September 2018, pp. 239 - 246.
Taqqosh, Tarikh al- Dawlah al-Abbasia , p. 240-243
Hassan, Solaf Faydallah, , Mazahir Al-badhakh wal taraf eind al-Salajiqa fi al-asir al-Abaasii , research published in the Journal of Human Sciences, Volume One, 2010, p. 84.
Khudair, Saddam Hussein, Al-Manasib Al-eulya fi al dawla al-Salajiqa (429 - 555 AH / 1037 - 1157 AD), research published in Al-Farahidi Journal of Arts, Volume 14, Issue 50, June 2022, Section Two, pp. 182 - 183
Al-Tamimi, Hamidi, Hussein Alwan, Al-Salajiqa wa mawqifuhum min al-khilafat Al-Abbasia (447 - 590 AH), Al-Farahidi Arts Magazine, Volume 2, Issue 16, September 2013, p. 46
ibid ,p,465
Ismail Basma Taha, Awjah al-Tashabuh fi al-Asleeb alati aintahajaha al-buayhiuwn wal Salajiqa mae ahl al-iraq (334-590 AH), research published in the Journal of Historical and Civilizational Studies, Volume 9, Issue 26, 2017 AD.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC-BY-NC), the author (s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution).
Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
1. Copyright and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
2. the right to use the substance of the article in future works, including lectures and books,
3. the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
4. the right to self-archive the article.
