##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.sidebar##

Download
pdf

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##

Abstract

Tobacco uses and high blood pressure are two main contributors to cardiovascular disease, Iraq's leading cause of death. In Iraq, the correlation among smoking with blood pressure (BP) is unknown. This study looked at the variations in (SBP) systolic BP as well as (DBP) diastolic BP between daily average cigarette smokers and nonsmokers in Baghdad adults aged 19 to 82 years using information collected from various hospitals in Baghdad city from December to April 2023 patients and the Healthy Survey. A total of 300 persons, 280 patients included 160 men and 120 women with 20 health control divided into 10 men and 10 women their data matches the patients. With their valid blood pressure measurement, age, gender, socio economic, blood viscosity in multivariate regression linear regression analysis, these serve as potential confounders. The study group was divided into two aged group (19-44) years and (45-82) years. Analyses were provided to detect a variation in systolic blood pressure among smokers 2.2 mm Hg higher than nonsmokers in males. Whereas Female smokers had considerably lower SBP and DBP (mean difference 2 mm) than non-smokers. Older smokers for both genders have higher diastolic BP. There were no such differences between younger patients either for DBP in same age group. Lower blood pressure in female tobacco users in Baghdad city may be described by the effects of daily cigarette smoking in women, or by unmeasured confounding factors related with a traditional way of life that may lower blood pressure (For instance, diet and exercise).

Keywords

smoking hypertension blood pressure

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Noor Al-Huda Ali A.H. Saeed, Sarah Ibrahim Mahmood, Rana Fadhil Abbas, & Liqaa Jameel Ibraheem. (2023). Correlation Between Cigarette Smoking and Blood Pressure (BP) In Baghdad City. Texas Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 16, 66–72. Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjabs/article/view/4007

References

  1. Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Gupta R, Avezum A, Bahonar A, Chifamba J, Dagenais G, Diaz R, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA. 2013;310(9):959–68.
  2. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, Amann M, Anderson HR, Andrews KG, Aryee M, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224–60.
  3. WHO. A Global Brief on Hypertension: Silent Killer, Global Public Health Crisis; World Health Day 2013. Geneva: WHO; 2013. p. 1–39.
  4. Vasily V: Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. 2017.
  5. Organization WH: WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2015. 2015.
  6. Hong S, Mok Y, Jeon C, Jee SH, Samet JM. Tuberculosis, smoking and risk for lung cancer incidence and mortality. Int J Cancer. 2016;139(11):2447–55.
  7. Tolstrup JS, Hvidtfeldt UA, Flachs EM, Spiegelman D, Heitmann BL, Balter K, Goldbourt U, Hallmans G, Knekt P, Liu S, et al. Smoking and risk of coronary heart disease in younger, middle-aged, and older adults. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(1):96–102.
  8. Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M. Smoking as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 81 cohorts, including 3,980,359 individuals and 42,401 strokes. Stroke. 2013; 44(10):2821–8.
  9. Halperin RO, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD. Smoking and the risk of incident hypertension in middle-aged and older men. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(2):148–52.
  10. Li H, Tong W, Wang A, Lin Z, Zhang Y. Effects of cigarette smoking on blood pressure stratified by BMI in Mongolian population, China. Blood Press. 2010;19(2):92–7.
  11. Berlin I, Cournot A, Renout P, Duchier J, Safar M. Peripheral haemodynamic effects of smoking in habitual smokers. A methodological study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1990;38(1):57–60.
  12. Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, Jones DW, Kurtz T, Sheps SG, Roccella EJ. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation. 2005;111(5):697–716.
  13. OPCS. Registrar General’s Standard Occupational Classification: Vol 3. London, UK: HMSO; 1991.
  14. Luehrs RE, Zhang D, Pierce GL, Jacobs DR Jr., Kalhan R, Whitaker KM. Cigarette smoking and longitudinal associations with blood pressure: The CARDIA Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(9):e019566.
  15. Primatesta P, Falaschetti E, Gupta S, Marmot MG, Poulter NR. Association between smoking and blood pressure: evidence from the health survey for England. Hypertension. 2001;37(2):187–93.
  16. Li G, Wang H, Wang K, Wang W, Dong F, Qian Y, et al. The association between smoking and blood pressure in men: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):797.
  17. Okubo Y, Suwazono Y, Kobayashi E, Nogawa K. An association between smoking habits and blood pressure in normotensive Japanese men: a 5-year follow-up study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;73(2):167–74.
  18. Green MS, Jucha E, Luz Y. Blood pressure in smokers and nonsmokers: Epidemiologic findings. American Heart Journal. 1986;111(5):932–40.
  19. Wang M, Li W, Zhou R, Wang S, Zheng H, Jiang J, et al. The paradox association between smoking and blood pressure among half million Chinese people. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8).
  20. Bowman TS, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Sesso HD. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of incident hypertension in women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(21):2085–92.
  21. Sarki AM, Nduka CU, Stranges S, Kandala NB, Uthman OA. Prevalence of hypertension in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(50):e1959.
  22. Dhungana RR, Pandey AR, Bista B, Joshi S, Devkota S. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: A community-based cross-sectional study in municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal. Int J Hypertens. 2016;2016:1656938.
  23. Chataut J, Khanal K, Manandhar K. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in rural Nepal: A community based study. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2015;13(52):346–50.
  24. Koju R, Manandhar K, Risal A, Steiner TJ, Holen A, Linde M. Undertreated hypertension and its implications for public health in Nepal: Nationwide population-based survey. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2015;13(49):3–7.
  25. Shrestha DB, Budhathoki P, Sedhai YR, Baniya A, Lamichhane S, Shahi M, et al. Prevalence, awareness, risk factors and control of hypertension in Nepal from 2000 to 2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health in Practice. 2021;2:100119.
  26. Dong W, Primatesta P, Bost L. Blood pressure. In: Prescott-Clarke P, Primatesta P, eds. The Health Survey for England: 1996. London, UK: The Stationery Office; 1998.
  27. O’Rourke M. Arterial stiffness, systolic blood pressure, and logical treatment of arterial hypertension. Hypertension.1990; 15:339–347.
  28. Fogari R, Zoppi A, Lusardi P, Marasi G, Villa G, Vanasia A. Cigarette smoking and blood pressure in a worker population: a cross-sectional study. J Cardiovasc Risk.1996; 3:55–59.
  29. Noppa H, Bengtsson C. Obesity in relation to smoking: a population study of women in Göteborg, Sweden. Prev Med.1980; 9:534–543.
  30. Hofstetter A, Schutz Y, Jequier E, Wahren J. Increased 24-hour energy expenditure in cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med.1986; 314:79–82.
  31. Margetts BM, Jackson AA. Interaction between people’s diet and their smoking habits. BMJ.1993; 307:1381–1384.
  32. Virdis A, Giannarelli C, Neves MF, Taddei S, Ghiadoni L. Cigarette smoking and hypertension. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(23):2518–25.
  33. Benowitz NL. Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology and implications for treatment. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2003;46(1):91–111.
  34. Virdis A, Giannarelli C, Neves MF, Taddei S, Ghiadoni L. Cigarette smoking and hypertension. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(23):2518–25.
  35. Benowitz NL, Sharp DS. Inverse relation between serum cotinine concentration and blood pressure in cigarette smokers. Circulation. 1989;80(5):1309–12.
  36. Chiolero A, Faeh D, Paccaud F, Cornuz J. Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(4):801–9.
  37. Bowman TS, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Sesso HD. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of incident hypertension in women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(21):2085–92.
  38. Kim BJ, Han JM, Kang JG, Kim BS, Kang JH. Association between cotinine-verified smoking status and hypertension in 167,868 Korean adults. Blood Press. 2017;26(5):303–10.
  39. Li G, Wang H, Wang K, Wang W, Dong F, Qian Y, et al. The association between smoking and blood pressure in men: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):797.

Most read articles by the same author(s)